ABSTRACT
Objective: To analyze the incidence trend and epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China from 2004 to 2020, understand the high-incidence population and hotspot areas, and provide evidences to develop more targeted prevention and control measures. Methods: The descriptive epidemiological method and spatial analysis method were applied to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China during this period by using the surveillance data collected from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Results: A total of 202 991 cases of typhoid fever were reported in China from 2004 to 2020. More cases occurred in men than in women (sex ratio: 1.18∶1). Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (53.60%). The incidence rate of typhoid fever decreased from 2.54/100 000 in 2004 to 0.38/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate was reported in young children aged <3 years after 2011, ranging from 1.13/100 000 to 2.78/100 000, and during this period the proportion of cases in this age group increased from 3.48% to 15.59%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 6.46% in 2004 to 19.34% in 2020. The hotspot areas existed in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces and expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Fujian Provinces. A total of 86 226 paratyphoid fever cases were reported from 2004 to 2020, the male to female ratio of the cases was 1.21∶1. Most cases were reported in adults aged 20-59 years (59.80%). The incidence rate of paratyphoid fever decreased from 1.26/100 000 in 2004 to 0.12/100 000 in 2020. The highest incidence rate of paratyphoid fever was in young children aged <3 years after 2007, ranging from 0.57/100 000 to 1.19/100 000, and during this period the proportion of the cases in this age group increased from 1.48% to 30.92%. The proportion of the cases in the elderly aged ≥60 years increased from 4.52% in 2004 to 22.28% in 2020. The hotspot areas expanded to the east, including Guangdong, Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Guangxi Provinces. Conclusions: The results showed a low level of incidence of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever in China with a trend of decreasing per year. The hotspots were mainly in the of Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan Provinces, with an expanding trend to eastern China. It is necessary to strengthen the typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever prevention and control in southwestern China, among young children aged <3 years and the elderly aged ≥60 years.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Middle Aged , China/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Sex Ratio , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologySubject(s)
Humans , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , COVID-19 , Pandemics , SARS-CoV-2 , Nigeria/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Introducción: En el ámbito mundial, las infecciones por Salmonella sp poseen gran importancia por lo incapacitante de estas y los costos que implican para el sistema de salud de una nación, principalmente aquellas en vías de desarrollo donde persiste con mayor frecuencia este patógeno. Objetivo: Realizar una descripción de los principales aspectos relacionados con epidemiología, etiología, transmisión, patogénesis, diagnóstico y tratamiento de las especies de Salmonella que causan enfermedad en el humano. Métodos: Búsqueda de bibliográfica actual sobre Salmonella sp a través del uso de repositorios como Google Academics, Scielo y PubMed, utilizando las palabras de búsqueda: Salmonella, epidemiología, transmisión, patogénesis, diagnóstico, tratamiento. De 147 artículos consultados, 52 presentaron utilidad para el cumplimiento del objetivo de la revisión. : Las infecciones por Salmonella sp son un problema de salud en países en vías de desarrollo, siendo la resistencia bacteriana uno de los principales retos a enfrentar en los próximos años, al igual que como ocurre con otras infecciones bacterianas(AU)
Introduction: In the world, Salmonella sp infections have great importance due to their incapacitating nature and the costs associate for the health system in some nations, mainly those in development process where this pathogen persists frequently. Objective: To make a description of the main aspects related with the epidemiology, etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Salmonella species that cause disease in humans. Method: Search current bibliography about Salmonella sp through the use of repositories such as Google Academics, Scielo and PubMed, and using the search words: Salmonella, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment. From 147 articles consulted, 52 were useful for the review objective. Conclusion: Salmonella sp infections are a health problem in developing countries, being bacterial resistance one of the main challenges to face in the coming years, as occurred with other bacterial infections(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gastroenteritis/diagnosisABSTRACT
Since beginning of the year 2018, the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region [EMR] has experienced ongoing and new outbreaks of emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in many countries. A number of these outbreaks are continuing from the previous year
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Cholera/epidemiology , Diphtheria/epidemiology , Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus , Chickenpox/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Resumen En el desarrollo histórico de la fiebre tifoidea en Chile, destaca su confusión con otras patologías infecciosas, especialmente con el tifus exantemático, problema que se resolvió mayormente con ocasión de la epidemia de 1918 de dicha enfermedad. Además se resalta la importancia del tratamiento con cloranfenicol, que significó una mejoría extraordinaria de las fiebres tifo-paratíficas, además de las acciones de salud pública y educación sanitaria, que permitieron prácticamente terminar con dichas patologías infecciosas en el país.
During the historical development of typhoid fever in Chile, its confusion with other infectious diseases is particularly noteworthy, especially with murine typhus, a problem that was mainly resolved during the 1918 epidemic. The importance of chloramphenicol treatment is also highlighted, which meant an enormous improvement in typhoid/paratyphoid fevers, in combination with public health and health education actions that allowed to almost eliminate these infectious diseases in our country.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , Typhoid Fever/history , Epidemics/history , Typhoid Fever/diagnosis , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/diagnosis , Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever/history , Cartoons as Topic , Chile/epidemiology , Diagnosis, DifferentialABSTRACT
Aims: Typhoid fever is an acute illness associated with fever that is most often caused by the Salmonella typhi bacteria. This study was carried out to determine the prevalenece of typhoid fever and distribution among different groups in Al-hodiedah and Taiz hospitals, and to determine the relation between the two governorates. Study Design: Seroprevalence survey. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in Taiz hospitals and Al- Hodiedah hospitals in Yemen for about 1500 cases during September to December 2012. Methodology: A total of 1500 cases were randomly collected and examined by Widal test and blood samples for WBC to detect the typhoid fever. Also, the questionnaire data was used for determine the correlation between typhoid fever and other factors such as age, sex, and clinical symptoms, then the data analyzed by spss program. Results: This study found that 151 cases of typhoid fever are positive for widal test from total 1500 specimens was collected from Al-hodiedah hospitals and Taiz hospitals. Also found from 151 positive cases 57 cases for male and 94 cases for female. There were 55 cases the main complain was fever follow by diarrhea 42 cases then abdominal pain 31 cases. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that there is no significant different in the prevalence of typhoid fever between cases collected from Taizhospitals and Al-Hodeida hospitals. Also, no significant different between sex or age and the positive cases. The positive cases were come with different manifestations such as fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Agglutination Tests/instrumentation , Agglutination Tests/methods , Child, Preschool , Child , Female , Hospitals , Humans , Leukocyte Count/analysis , Male , Prevalence , Typhoid Fever/diagnosis , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Yemen/epidemiology , Young AdultSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics , Fluoroquinolones/therapeutic use , Humans , India/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Salmonella typhi/genetics , Typhoid Fever/drug therapy , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/microbiologyABSTRACT
El texto que presento es un relato, algunas pinceladas gruesas con material de mi memoria, sobre cómo se controló la hiperendemia de tifoidea; presento algunas tasas de apoyo para una reflexión sobre los efectos a largo plazo de la hiperendemia de 1976-1986. Argumento que las actuales altas tasas de cáncer de vesícula biliar serían en parte un resultado de las altas tasas de portadores crónicos de Salmonella typhi.
The text I present is a story, some broad brush strokes drawn from material in my memory, regarding how typhoid hyperendemia was controlled; I present some rates to support a reflection on the long-term effects of the 1976-1986 typhoid hyperendemia. I argue that current high rates of gallbladder cancer may partly be the late effect of high chronic Salmonella typhi carriage.
Subject(s)
Humans , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Gallbladder Neoplasms , Carrier State , Salmonella typhi , Vaccination , ChileABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Almost round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A has been noticed in Rourkela since last 13 and five years respectively. The incidence of infection along with the antibiogram of these two serotypes in this area were carried out. Methods: The study was carried out at Ispat General Hospital, Rourkela, India, between January 2005 and December 2008 with 5340 blood samples collected from patients with suspected enteric fever and pyrexia of unknown origin. Isolation, identification and antibiogram of the causative organisms were performed according to standard bacteriological procedures. Results: A total of 298 Salmonella isolates showed an overall per cent positivity of 5.58. Multidrug resistance was found in 11.96 per cent and 15.62 per cent isolates of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A respectively. Less than 2 per cent isolates of Salmonella showed resistance to ciprofloxacin. A resistance of 3.0 to 6.25 per cent against third generation cephalosporins was observed among the salmonella isolates. Interpretation & conclusion: A round-the-year occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Rourkela might have been due to the presence of a considerable number of carriers in the locality, poor sanitation in nearby slum areas, and inadequate and contaminated community water supply at times. Higher degree of susceptibility among S. Typhi isolates against various antibiotics was encouraging, but increasing trend of resistance observed among S. Paratyphi A isolates was a matter of concern.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Community-Acquired Infections , Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects , Fever/drug therapy , Fever/epidemiology , Fever/microbiology , Humans , Incidence , India/epidemiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods , Paratyphoid Fever/drug therapy , Paratyphoid Fever/epidemiology , Paratyphoid Fever/microbiology , Salmonella paratyphi A/drug effects , Salmonella paratyphi A/isolation & purification , Salmonella paratyphi A/metabolism , Salmonella typhi/drug effects , Salmonella typhi/isolation & purification , Salmonella typhi/metabolism , Sanitation , Typhoid Fever/drug therapy , Typhoid Fever/epidemiology , Typhoid Fever/microbiology , Water PollutantsABSTRACT
An article by Dr. Carlos Martin in the first published number of the Revista Médica de Chile (1872-73) journal is remembered and commented. It describes an outbreak in Huar Island in Seno de Reloncavi, an estuary located in the Los Lagos Region in Chile, named "typhoid epidemic". The clinical characteristics are presented and two types of diseases are deducted: acute respiratory infections and typhoid fever.
Se recuerda y comenta la publicación en el primer número de Revista Médica de Chile (1872-73) del doctor Carlos Martin, de una epidemia ocurrida en la isla de Huar en el seno de Reloncavi (Xª Región de Los Lagos, Chile), descrita como "epidemia tifoidea" y se expone la fisonomía clínica deduciendo la posibilidad de dos tipos de patologías: infecciones respiratorias agudas y fiebre tifoidea.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Humans , Disease Outbreaks/history , Typhoid Fever/history , Chile/epidemiology , Germany , Periodicals as Topic/history , Typhoid Fever/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Outbreaks of typhoid have been reported from Maharashtra, Bangalore, West Bengal and Pondicherry in India but rarely from Rajasthan. We investigated an outbreak of typhoid in a village of Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was carried out during May-July 2007 in Varkana village, Pali district, Rajasthan, to identify the risk factor for disease. The information on outbreak was collected and then described in time, place and person characteristics to arrive at aetiological hypotheses. Results: There were 219 cases of typhoid in village. Attack rate was 104 cases per 1000 population. Maximum attack rate of 276 cases per 1000 population was noted in persons of 10-14 yr age group. Forty three serum samples were reported positive for Widal agglutination test out of 70 tested. Drinking of water from government overhead tanks was associated with disease significantly (RR= 11.1, 95% CI= 3.7-33). Two of the three water samples from government tanks were found positive for faecal contamination. Interpretation & conclusion: The outbreak of typhoid in a village affected >200 persons of all age groups and both gender. Exposure to the drinking water from government tanks was found significantly associated with the disease. Preventive and control measures undertaken after analytical epidemiological study helped in terminating the outbreak.